> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://developer.upsun.com/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Troubleshoot MySQL

export const DynamicCodeBlock = ({language = 'yaml', filename, icon, lines, wrap, expandable, highlight, focus, children}) => {
  const STORAGE_KEY = 'upsun_versions_cache';
  const COMPOSABLE_STORAGE_KEY = 'upsun_composable_cache';
  const CACHE_TTL = 5 * 60 * 1000;
  const API_URL = 'https://meta.upsun.com/images';
  const COMPOSABLE_API_URL = 'https://meta.upsun.com/composable';
  const DEBUG_PREFIX = '[DynamicCodeBlock cache]';
  const [versionData, setVersionData] = useState(null);
  const [versionError, setVersionError] = useState(false);
  const [composableData, setComposableData] = useState(null);
  const [composableError, setComposableError] = useState(false);
  useEffect(() => {
    const fetchData = async () => {
      let cachedData = null;
      let cachedEtag = null;
      if (typeof localStorage !== 'undefined') {
        try {
          const cached = localStorage.getItem(STORAGE_KEY);
          if (cached) {
            const parsed = JSON.parse(cached);
            cachedData = parsed?.data || null;
            cachedEtag = parsed?.etag || null;
            if (cachedData && Date.now() - parsed.timestamp < CACHE_TTL) {
              return cachedData;
            }
          }
        } catch (err) {
          console.error('Failed to load from cache:', err);
        }
      }
      const requestHeaders = cachedEtag ? {
        'If-None-Match': cachedEtag
      } : {};
      console.debug(`${DEBUG_PREFIX} revalidating`, {
        storageKey: STORAGE_KEY,
        hasCachedData: Boolean(cachedData),
        hasCachedEtag: Boolean(cachedEtag)
      });
      const response = await fetch(API_URL, {
        headers: requestHeaders
      });
      if (response.status === 304 && cachedData) {
        console.debug(`${DEBUG_PREFIX} revalidated (304)`, {
          storageKey: STORAGE_KEY
        });
        if (typeof localStorage !== 'undefined') {
          try {
            const etag = response.headers.get('etag') || cachedEtag;
            localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, JSON.stringify({
              data: cachedData,
              etag,
              timestamp: Date.now()
            }));
          } catch (err) {
            console.error('Failed to refresh cache metadata:', err);
          }
        }
        return cachedData;
      }
      if (!response.ok) throw new Error(`API request failed: ${response.statusText}`);
      const data = await response.json();
      const etag = response.headers.get('etag');
      console.debug(`${DEBUG_PREFIX} refreshed (200)`, {
        storageKey: STORAGE_KEY,
        etag
      });
      if (typeof localStorage !== 'undefined') {
        try {
          localStorage.setItem(STORAGE_KEY, JSON.stringify({
            data,
            etag,
            timestamp: Date.now()
          }));
        } catch (err) {
          console.error('Failed to cache data:', err);
        }
      }
      return data;
    };
    fetchData().then(data => setVersionData(data)).catch(err => console.error('Failed to fetch version data:', err));
  }, []);
  const findHighestVersion = versionsMap => {
    if (!versionsMap || Object.keys(versionsMap).length === 0) return null;
    const entries = Object.entries(versionsMap);
    const active = entries.filter(([, v]) => v.upsun && v.upsun.status === 'supported' || v.upsun && v.upsun.status === 'deprecated');
    const candidates = active.length > 0 ? active : entries;
    let [highestName] = candidates[0];
    for (let i = 1; i < candidates.length; i++) {
      const [currentName] = candidates[i];
      const cp = currentName.split('.').map(Number);
      const hp = highestName.split('.').map(Number);
      for (let j = 0; j < Math.max(cp.length, hp.length); j++) {
        if ((cp[j] || 0) > (hp[j] || 0)) {
          highestName = currentName;
          break;
        } else if ((cp[j] || 0) < (hp[j] || 0)) {
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    return highestName;
  };
  const getVersion = (lang, requestedVersion = 'latest') => {
    if (lang === 'composable') {
      if (!composableData || !composableData.versions || Object.keys(composableData.versions).length === 0) return null;
      if (requestedVersion && requestedVersion !== 'latest') {
        return (requestedVersion in composableData.versions) ? requestedVersion : null;
      }
      return findHighestVersion(composableData.versions);
    }
    if (!versionData) return null;
    const imageData = versionData[lang];
    if (!imageData || !imageData.versions || Object.keys(imageData.versions).length === 0) {
      return null;
    }
    if (requestedVersion && requestedVersion !== 'latest') {
      return (requestedVersion in imageData.versions) ? requestedVersion : null;
    }
    return findHighestVersion(imageData.versions);
  };
  let code = typeof children === 'string' ? children : String(children || '');
  const codeLines = code.split('\n');
  while (codeLines.length > 0 && codeLines[0].trim() === '') codeLines.shift();
  while (codeLines.length > 0 && codeLines[codeLines.length - 1].trim() === '') codeLines.pop();
  if (codeLines.length > 0) {
    const indents = codeLines.filter(line => line.trim().length > 0).map(line => line.match(/^[ \t]*/)[0].length);
    const minIndent = Math.min(...indents);
    code = codeLines.map(line => line.slice(minIndent)).join('\n');
  }
  code = code.replace(/\{\{version:(.*?)\}\}/g, (match, params) => {
    const parts = params.split(':');
    const lang = parts[0];
    const ver = parts[1] || 'latest';
    const isComposable = lang === 'composable';
    const hasError = isComposable ? composableError : versionError;
    const dataReady = isComposable ? composableData !== null : versionData !== null;
    if (hasError) return '(unavailable)';
    if (dataReady) {
      const resolvedVersion = getVersion(lang, ver);
      return resolvedVersion || match;
    }
    return '...';
  });
  const codeBlockProps = {
    language,
    ...filename && ({
      filename
    }),
    ...icon && ({
      icon
    }),
    ...lines !== undefined && ({
      lines
    }),
    ...wrap !== undefined && ({
      wrap
    }),
    ...expandable !== undefined && ({
      expandable
    }),
    ...highlight && ({
      highlight
    }),
    ...focus && ({
      focus
    })
  };
  return <CodeBlock {...codeBlockProps}>{code}</CodeBlock>;
};

For more general information, see how to [troubleshoot development](/docs/troubleshooting/general).

## Lock wait timeout

If a process running in your application acquired a lock from MySQL for a long period of time,
you receive MySQL error messages like this:

```sql theme={null}
SQLSTATE[HY000]: General error: 1205 Lock wait timeout exceeded;
```

This is typically caused by one of the following:

* There are multiple places acquiring locks in different order.
  For example, code path 1 first locks record A and then locks record B,
  while code path 2 first locks record B and then locks record A.
* There is a long-running background process executed by your application that holds the lock until it ends.

If you're using [MariaDB 10+](/docs/add-services/mysql), use the SQL query `SHOW FULL PROCESSLIST \G` to list DB queries waiting for locks.
To determine where to debug, find output like the following:

```sql theme={null}
< skipped >
Command: Query
Time: ...
State: Waiting for table metadata lock
Info: SELECT ...
< skipped >
```

To find active background processes, run `ps aufx` on your application container.

Make sure that locks are acquired in a pre-defined order and released as soon as possible.

## Definer/invoker of view lack rights to use them

There is a single MySQL user, so you cannot use the "DEFINER" Access Control mechanism for Stored Programs and Views.

When creating a `VIEW`, you may need to explicitly set the `SECURITY` parameter to `INVOKER`:

```sql theme={null}
CREATE OR REPLACE SQL SECURITY INVOKER
VIEW `view_name` AS
SELECT
```

## Server has gone away

### Disk space issues

Errors such as `PDO Exception 'MySQL server has gone away'` are usually the result of exhausting your available disk space.
Get an estimate of current disk usage using the CLI command `upsun db:size`.
Note that this is an estimate, not an exact value.

Allocate more space to the service by running the `upsun resources:set` command.
For more information, see how to [manage resources](/docs/manage-resources).

As table space can grow rapidly,
set your database mount size to twice the size reported by the `db:size` command.

Consider adding a [low-disk warning](/docs/integrations/notifications#low-disk-warning)
to get notified about low disk space before it becomes an issue.

### Packet size limitations

`MySQL server has gone away` errors may be caused by the size of the database packets.
If so, the logs may show warnings like `Error while sending QUERY packet` before the error.

One way to resolve the issue is to use the [`max_allowed_packet` parameter](/docs/add-services/mysql#configure-the-database).

### Worker timeout

`MySQL server has gone away` errors may be caused by server timeouts.
MySQL has a built-in timeout for idle connections, which defaults to 10 minutes.
Most typical web connections end long before that's ever approached,
but a long-running worker may idle and not need the database for longer than the timeout, leading to a "server has gone away" message.

The best approach is to wrap your connection logic in code that detects a "server has gone away" exception
and tries to re-establish the connection.

Alternatively, if your worker is idle for too long it can self-terminate.
Upsun automatically restarts the worker process and the new process can establish a new database connection.

## Too many connections

You may get the following [error message](https://mariadb.com/kb/en/e1040/): `Error 1040: Too many connections`.

A common way to solve this issue is to increase the `max_connections` property in your MariaDB service configuration.
However, on Upsun, you **cannot** configure `max_connections`, as it is calculated automatically based on available memory.

The `max_connections` property cannot be configured in Upsun service configurations, nor can it be influenced by any other config. It is calculated automatically based on available container memory and increases automatically when the container size increases.

### How it works

The following formula determines `max_connections` for a given container:

```
  avg_memory_per_connection_mb = 4
  free = container_memory - (50 + container_memory * 0.70)
  max_connections = int(free // avg_memory_per_connection_mb)
```

The memory for a given container from its `size` depends on its [container profile](/docs/manage-resources/adjust-resources#advanced-container-profiles).

For example, [MariaDB](/docs/manage-resources/adjust-resources#default-container-profiles) has a [`HIGH_MEMORY` container profile](/docs/manage-resources/adjust-resources#advanced-container-profiles).
For `--size mariadb:1`, this means 1 CPU and 2432 MB of memory.

Using the configuration above, where `--size mariadb:1` is 2432 MB, the calculation becomes:

```
  avg_memory_per_connection_mb = 4
  free = 2432 - (50 + 2432 * 0.70) # 2432 - 1752.4 = 679.6
  max_connections = int(679.6 // 4) # = 169
```

<Note>
  Additionally, `max_connections` has a minimum value of 15 and a maximum value of 500.
  If the result is less than 15, it is set to 15.
  If the result is greater than 500, it is capped at 500.
</Note>